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Functional styles

Functional Styles Functional Style is a system of interrelated language means, which serves a definite aim in communication. Each style is recognized as an independent whole. The peculiar choice of language means is primarily dependent on the aim of the communication, on the function the style performs. As a matter of fact there exist a number of classifications of functional styles, but the most common one was introduced by I. R. Galperin. It includes the belles-lettres style, the publicistic style, the newspaper style, the scientific prose style, and the style of official documents. 1-SCIENTIFIC PROSE STYLE Features: • objective, precise, and mostly unemotional language means; words used in primary logical meaning • use of terms and learned words   • impersonality and generalized form of expression reflected in the choice of grammar and syntactic constructions • logical sequence of utterances • most developed system of connectives   • accepted sentence-patterns
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EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES

LECTURE EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISSTIC DEVICES In linguistics there are different terms to denote those particular means by which a writer obtains its effect. Expressive means, stylistic means, stylistic devices and some other terms are often used indiscriminately. Thus, it is necessary to make “distinction” between Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices (SD). All stylistic means of a language can be divided into expressive means which are used in some specific ways and special devices called Stylistic Devices. The Expressive means of a language are those phonetic means, morphological forms, means of word building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms, all of which function in the language for the emotional or logical intensification of the utterance. These intensifying forms of the language have been fixed in Grammar and Dictionaries. Some of them are normalized and good   dictionaries label them as intensifiers. In most cases they have corresponding neutral s
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TROPES AND FIGURES OF SPEECH The basic linguo-stylistic concepts – tropes and figures of speech have always existed in the European philological tradition. Tropes are based on the principle of a transferred meaning, when a word or a combination of words is used to denote an object which is not usually correlated with this word. The stylistic effect of figures of speech is based on the principle of unusual arrangement of linguistic units, unusual construction or extension of the utterance. Stylistics focuses on the expressive properties of linguistic units, their functioning and interaction in conveying ideas and emotions in a certain text or communicative context. Stylistics interprets the opposition or clash between the contextual meaning of a word and its denotative meaning. It helps to create images, as it can reflect the surrounding world by naming, qualifying and evaluating it. Image as a linguistic notion, is mainly built on such lexico-scmantic stylistic devices c
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